Enhanced Bus Bar System For Aircraft Transparencies

ABSTRACT

A transparency having a bus bar system includes a non-conductive substrate having a major surface. At least one conductive coating is located over at least a portion of the major surface. An electrically conductive adhesive, such as an isotropically conductive tape or film, is located over at least a portion of the conductive coating. A metallic member, such as a metallic foil or metallic braid, is located over the isotropically conductive adhesive.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.12/839,523, filed Jul. 20, 2010 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,927,911), whichclaimed the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/227,119entitled “Enhanced Bus Bar System For Aircraft Transparencies”, filedJul. 21, 2009, all of which applications are herein incorporated byreference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates generally to bus bar systems and, in oneparticular embodiment, to a bus bar system particularly suited for anaircraft transparency.

2. Technical Considerations

It is known to apply a conductive coating to a vehicle transparency,such as a vehicle windshield or window. When electrical current issupplied to the conductive coating, the coating temperature increases,which can provide deicing or defogging for the transparency. Electricalcurrent is typically supplied to the conductive coating via one or more“bus bars” connected to a source of electricity. These bus bars can bemetal or ceramic strips applied to a surface of the transparency and incontact with the conductive coating. In one known configuration,conductive ceramic bus bars are formed on a glass substrate, typicallynear the periphery of the substrate. The conductive coating is thenapplied over the surface of the substrate, including the bus bar.Electrical current supplied to the bus bar is transferred to theconductive coating to increase the coating temperature.

While this known system provides advantages over non-coatedtransparencies, there are still problems associated with this system.For example, the difference in thickness between the conductive coatingand the bus bar may be as high as 1:200 to 1:400. Therefore, when therelatively thin conductive coating is formed over the much thicker busbar, the coating formed at the transitional edges of the bus bar (i.e.the “film/bus bar junction”) can be thin, weak, or can containdiscontinuities. These film/bus bar junction defects, in a worst casescenario, could lead to gaps or holes in the coating at the film/bus barjunction that can result in non-uniform transfer of electrical currentand/or localized excessive current flow leading to resistance heatingfollowed by arcing sufficient to damage the substrate.

Therefore, it would be advantageous to provide a bus bar system thateliminates or reduces at least some of the problems associated withconventional bus bar systems.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A bus bar system of the invention comprises a non-conductive substratehaving a major surface. At least one conductive bus bar is located overat least a portion of the major surface. A conductive coating is locatedover at least a portion of the bus bar and over at least a portion ofthe major surface. An electrically conductive adhesive, e.g., anisotropically conductive adhesive, such as an isotropically conductivetape or film, is located over at least a portion of the film/bus barjunction. The system can optionally include a conductive metallic foiladhered to the isotropically conductive adhesive.

Another bus bar system comprises a non-conductive substrate having amajor surface. At least one bus bar is located over at least a portionof the major surface. A conductive coating is located over at least aportion of the bus bar and over at least a portion of the major surface.A first electrically conductive adhesive, e.g., an isotropicallyconductive adhesive, such as an isotropically conductive tape or film,is located over at least a portion of the conductive coating overlyingthe bus bar. A conductive braid is located over the first conductiveadhesive. A second electrically conductive adhesive, e.g., anisotropically conductive adhesive, such as an isotropically conductivetape or film, is located over at least a portion of the braid and thefirst conductive adhesive. A conductive metallic foil is located over atleast a portion of the second conductive adhesive, the braid, and thefirst conductive adhesive.

A further bus bar system of the invention comprises a non-conductivesubstrate having a major surface. A conductive coating is located overat least a portion of the major surface. An electrically conductiveadhesive, e.g., an isotropically conductive adhesive, such as anisotropically conductive tape or film, is located over at least aportion of the conductive coating. A conductive metallic member, such asa metallic foil or metallic braid, is attached to the conductiveadhesive. The conductive adhesive and the metallic member form the busbar for the system.

A method of making a bus bar system comprises obtaining a non-conductivesubstrate having a major surface, with at least one conductive bus barlocated over at least a portion of the major surface and a conductivecoating located over at least a portion of the bus bar and over at leasta portion of the major surface. The method includes applying anelectrically conductive adhesive, e.g., an isotropically conductiveadhesive, such as an isotropically conductive tape or film, over atleast a portion of the film/bus bar junction.

Another method of making a bus bar system includes adhering a piece ofmetallic foil to a piece of isotropically conductive tape. The foilcovered tape is cut to desired dimensions. The foil covered tape can becut to be larger than the dimensions of the bus bar to which it will beattached. The method includes adhering the foil covered tape over atleast a portion of the film/bus bar junction.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention may be more completely understood in consideration of thefollowing drawings wherein like reference numbers identify like partsthroughout.

FIG. 1 is a side, sectional view (not to scale) of a bus bar systemincorporating features of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a side, sectional view (not to scale) of another bus barsystem of the invention;

FIG. 3 is a side, sectional view (not to scale) of a further bus barsystem of the invention;

FIG. 4 is a plan view (not to scale) of the bus bar system of FIG. 2;and

FIG. 5 is a side (not to scale) of an additional bus bar system of theinvention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

As used herein, spatial or directional terms, such as “left”, “right”,“inner”, “outer”, “above”, “below”, and the like, relate to theinvention as it is shown in the drawing figures. However, it is to beunderstood that the invention can assume various alternativeorientations and, accordingly, such terms are not to be considered aslimiting. Further, as used herein, all numbers expressing dimensions,physical characteristics, processing parameters, quantities ofingredients, reaction conditions, and the like, used in thespecification and claims are to be understood as being modified in allinstances by the term “about”. Accordingly, unless indicated to thecontrary, the numerical values set forth in the following specificationand claims may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to beobtained by the present invention. At the very least, and not as anattempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to thescope of the claims, each numerical value should at least be construedin light of the number of reported significant digits and by applyingordinary rounding techniques. Moreover, all ranges disclosed herein areto be understood to encompass the beginning and ending range values andany and all subranges subsumed therein. For example, a stated range of“1 to 10” should be considered to include any and all subranges between(and inclusive of) the minimum value of 1 and the maximum value of 10;that is, all subranges beginning with a minimum value of 1 or more andending with a maximum value of 10 or less, e.g., 1 to 3.3, 4.7 to 7.5,5.5 to 10, and the like. Further, as used herein, the terms “formedover”, “deposited over”, or “provided over” mean formed, deposited, orprovided on but not necessarily in direct contact with the surface. Forexample, a coating layer “formed over” a substrate does not preclude thepresence of one or more other coating layers or films of the same ordifferent composition located between the formed coating layer and thesubstrate. Additionally, all documents, such as but not limited toissued patents and patent applications, referred to herein are to beconsidered to be “incorporated by reference” in their entirety. As usedherein, the terms “polymer” or “polymeric” include oligomers,homopolymers, copolymers, and terpolymers, e.g., polymers formed fromtwo or more types of monomers or polymers. The terms “visible region” or“visible light” refer to electromagnetic radiation having a wavelengthin the range of 380 nm to 760 nm. The terms “infrared region” or“infrared radiation” refer to electromagnetic radiation having awavelength in the range of greater than 760 nm to 100,000 nm. The terms“ultraviolet region” or “ultraviolet radiation” mean electromagneticenergy having a wavelength in the range of 300 nm to less than 380 nm.

In the following description, only a portion of a typical heatedtransparency is illustrated for ease of discussion of the bus bar systemof the invention. As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aconventional heated transparency can include a first substrate connectedto a second substrate by a polymeric layer, with the bus bar systemlocated between the two substrates. The bus bar is in contact with asource of electrical power. Examples of conventional heatedtransparencies are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,820,902; 4,939,348; and5,824,994 and will be understood by those skilled in the art.

A first bus bar system 10 is shown in FIG. 1 of the drawings. The busbar system 10 is provided on a substrate 12 having a major surface. Atleast one bus bar 14 is formed over at least a portion of the substrate12, such as around a portion at or near the periphery of the majorsurface of the substrate 12. In FIG. 1, the right side of the figure isthe outer (upper) edge of the bus bar 14 and the left side of the figureis the bottom (inner) edge of the bus bar 14. However, this is just forpurposes of illustration and the bus bar 14 could be present at anydesired location. An electrically conductive coating 16 is formed overat least a portion of the major surface of the substrate 12, includingover at least a portion of the bus bar 14. However, unlike conventionalbus bar systems, the bus bar system 10 of the invention includes anelectrically conductive adhesive 18 having isotropic conductance. By“isotropic conductance” or “isotropically conductive” is meant havingelectrical conductance in the x, y, and z directions. The isotropicallyconductive adhesive 18 is applied over at least a portion of thefilm/bus bar junction 20. By “film/bus bar junction” is meant the regionwhere the coating 16 transitions from the substrate surface to theleading edge (i.e. inner edge) of the bus bar 14.

In the broad practice of the invention, the substrate 12 can include anydesired material having any desired characteristics. For example, thesubstrate 12 can be transparent or translucent to visible light. By“transparent” is meant having a transmission of greater than 0% up to100% in a desired wavelength range, such as visible light.Alternatively, the substrate 12 can be translucent. By “translucent” ismeant allowing electromagnetic radiation (e.g., visible light) to betransmitted but diffusing or scattering this radiation. Examples ofsuitable materials for the substrate 12 include, but are not limited to,thermoplastic, thermoset, or elastomeric polymeric materials, glasses,ceramics, and metals or metal alloys, and combinations, composites, ormixtures thereof. Specific examples of suitable materials include, butare not limited to, plastic substrates (such as acrylic polymers, suchas polyacrylates; polyalkylmethacrylates, such aspolymethylmethacrylates, polyethylmethacrylates,polypropylmethacrylates, and the like; polyurethanes; polycarbonates;polyalkylterephthalates, such as polyethyleneterephthalate (PET),polypropyleneterephthalates, polybutyleneterephthalates, and the like;polysiloxane-containing polymers; or copolymers of any monomers forpreparing these, or any mixtures thereof); ceramic substrates; glasssubstrates; or mixtures or combinations of any of the above. Forexample, the substrate 12 can include conventional soda-lime-silicateglass, borosilicate glass, or leaded glass. The glass can be clearglass. By “clear glass” is meant non-tinted or non-colored glass.Alternatively, the glass can be tinted or otherwise colored glass. Theglass can be annealed or heat-treated glass. As used herein, the term“heat treated” means tempered, bent, heat strengthened, or laminated.The glass can be of any type, such as conventional float glass, and canbe of any composition having any optical properties, e.g., any value ofvisible transmission, ultraviolet transmission, infrared transmission,and/or total solar energy transmission. The substrate 12 can be, forexample, clear float glass or can be tinted or colored glass. Althoughnot limiting to the invention, examples of glass suitable for thesubstrate 12 are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,746,347; 4,792,536;5,030,593; 5,030,594; 5,240,886; 5,385,872; 5,393,593; 5,030,593; and5,030,594. Examples of glass that can be used for the practice of theinvention include, but are not limited to, Starphire®, Solarphire®,Solarphire® PV, Solargreen®, Solextra®, GL-20®, GL-35™, Solarbronze®,CLEAR, and Solargray® glass, all commercially available from PPGIndustries Inc. of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

The substrate 12 can be of any desired dimensions, e.g., length, width,shape, or thickness. In one exemplary embodiment, the substrate 12 canbe greater than 0 mm up to 10 mm thick, such as 1 mm to 10 mm thick,e.g., 1 mm to 5 mm thick, e.g., less than 4 mm thick, e.g., 3 mm to 3.5mm thick, e.g., 3.2 mm thick. Additionally, the substrate 12 can be ofany desired shape, such as flat, curved, parabolic-shaped, or the like.The substrate 12 can have a high visible light transmission at areference wavelength of 550 nanometers (nm) and a reference thickness of3.2 mm. By “high visible light transmission” is meant visible lighttransmission at 550 nm of greater than or equal to 85%, such as greaterthan or equal to 87%, such as greater than or equal to 90%, such asgreater than or equal to 91%, such as greater than or equal to 92%, suchas greater than or equal to 93%, such as greater than or equal to 95%,at 3.2 mm reference thickness for the substrate.

The bus bar 14 can be of any conventional type. For example, the bus bar14 can be a conventional ceramic bus bar incorporating a conductivemetal, such as silver. Alternatively, the bus bar 14 can be a metallicstrip.

The conductive coating 16 can be a conventional conductive coating, suchas indium tin oxide. Or, the conductive coating 16 can be a functionalcoating including one or more metallic films positioned between pairs ofdielectric layers. The conductive coating 16 can be a heat and/orradiation reflecting coating and can have one or more coating layers orfilms of the same or different composition and/or functionality. As usedherein, the term “film” refers to a coating region of a desired orselected coating composition. A “layer” can comprise one or more “films”and a “coating” or “coating stack” can comprise one or more “layers”.For example, the conductive coating 16 can be a single layer coating ora multi-layer coating and can include one or more metals, non-metals,semi-metals, semiconductors, and/or alloys, compounds, compositions,combinations, or blends thereof. For example, the conductive coating 16can be a single layer metal oxide coating, a multiple layer metal oxidecoating, a non-metal oxide coating, a metallic nitride or oxynitridecoating, a non-metallic nitride or oxynitride coating, or a multiplelayer coating comprising one or more of any of the above materials. Forexample, the conductive coating 16 can be a doped metal oxide coating.An electrically conductive coating used to make heatable windows isdisclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,653,903 and 5,028,759. Likewise, theconductive coating 16 can be a conductive, solar control coating. Asused herein, the term “solar control coating” refers to a coatingcomprised of one or more layers or films that affect the solarproperties of the coated article, such as but not limited to the amountof solar radiation, for example, visible, infrared, or ultravioletradiation, reflected from, absorbed by, or passing through the coatedarticle, shading coefficient, emissivity, etc. The solar control coatingcan block, absorb or filter selected portions of the solar spectrum,such as but not limited to the IR, UV, and/or visible spectrums.Examples of solar control coatings that can be used in the practice ofthe invention are found, for example but not to be considered aslimiting, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,898,789; 5,821,001; 4,716,086; 4,610,771;4,902,580; 4,716,086; 4,806,220; 4,898,790; 4,834,857; 4,948,677;5,059,295; and 5,028,759. Non-limiting examples of suitable conductivecoatings 30 for use with the invention are commercially available fromPPG Industries, Inc. of Pittsburgh, Pa. under the SUNGATE® and SOLARBAN®families of coatings. Such coatings typically include one or moreantireflective coating films comprising dielectric or anti-reflectivematerials, such as metal oxides or oxides of metal alloys, which aretransparent to visible light. The conductive coating 16 can also includeone or more infrared reflective films comprising a reflective metal,e.g., a noble metal such as gold, copper or silver, or combinations oralloys thereof, and can further comprise a primer film or barrier film,such as titanium, as is known in the art, located over and/or under themetal reflective layer. The conductive coating 16 can have any desirednumber of infrared reflective films, such as but not limited to 1 to 5infrared reflective films. In one non-limiting embodiment, the coating16 can have 1 or more silver layers, e.g., 2 or more silver layers,e.g., 3 or more silver layers, such as 5 or more silver layers. Anon-limiting example of a suitable coating having three silver layers isdisclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0180547 A1.

The conductive coating 16 can be deposited by any conventional method,such as but not limited to conventional chemical vapor deposition (CVD)and/or physical vapor deposition (PVD) methods. Examples of CVDprocesses include spray pyrolysis. Examples of PVD processes includeelectron beam evaporation and vacuum sputtering (such as magnetronsputter vapor deposition (MSVD)). Other coating methods could also beused, such as but not limited to sol-gel deposition. In one non-limitingembodiment, the conductive coating 16 can be deposited by MSVD.

As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, due to the thicknessdifference between the relatively thick bus bar 14 and the relativelythin conductive coating 16, gaps or thin spots can be present in thecoating 16 when the coating is deposited at the film/bus bar junction.The isotropically conductive adhesive 18 can be, for example, anisotropically conductive tape or film. Examples of suitableisotropically conductive tapes include 3M™ XYZ-Axis ElectricallyConductive Adhesive Transfer Tapes 9713, 9712, and 9719, commerciallyavailable from 3M Corporation. An example of a suitable conductive filmincludes Emerson & Cuming CF3350 epoxy film adhesive, commerciallyavailable from Emerson & Cuming of Billerica, Mass. The adhesive 18 canhave a surface resistance equal to or greater than the surfaceresistance of the conductive coating 16.

The use of the isotropically conductive adhesive 18, such anisotropically conductive tape, provides numerous advantages over priorsystems. For example, the application of an isotropically conductivetape is relatively rapid and easy to perform. The tape is flexible andconforms to irregular surfaces. There is no need to “cure” the appliedtape and the tape is sufficiently conductive to bridge missing ordamaged film portions at the junction between the edge of the bus bar 14and the overlying conductive coating 16. The tape also providesadditional mechanical and/or chemical protection to the underlying busbar 14 and coating 16.

Another bus bar system 30 of the invention is shown in FIG. 2. Thissystem 30 is similar to the system 10 shown in FIG. 1 but also includesa conductive metal foil 32 applied over at least a portion of theisotropically conductive adhesive 18, e.g., an isotropically conductivetape. The foil 32 provides an additional conductive path and alsoprovides additional mechanical and/or chemical barrier properties to theunderlying components. Examples of metallic foils useful for theinvention include, but are not limited to, tin-plated copper, copper,aluminum, silver, stainless steel, and nickel, just to name a few. Forexample, a piece of metallic foil can be adhered to a piece ofisotropically conductive tape. The foil covered tape can be cut todesired dimensions. The foil covered tape can be cut to be slightlylarger than the dimensions of the bus bar to which it will be attached.For example, the foil covered tape can be cut to be about 0.1 cm to 0.8cm longer and/or wider than the bus bar, for example 0.1 cm to 0.5 cm,such as 0.1 cm to 0.3 cm, such as 0.2 cm (0.09 inch). The foil coveredtape can be positioned over the bus bar with the outer edge of the foilaligned with the outer edge of the bus bar (as shown in FIG. 4).Alternatively, the foil covered tape can extend beyond the outer edge ofthe bus bar 14 (as shown in FIG. 2).

Another bus bar system 40 of the invention is shown in FIG. 3. In thisembodiment 40, the bus bar 14 and conductive coating 16 are applied inconventional manner. However, in this embodiment, a first isotropicallyconductive tape 34 is applied over at least a portion of the coating 16on the bus bar 14. A conductive braid 36 is adhered to the firstconductive tape 34. This mechanical and electrical connection can besupplemented by a secondary adhesive, taking advantage of the firstconductive tape 34 to “fixture” or hold the braid 36 in the desiredlocation. The braid 36 can be any conventional conductive braid, such asa tin plated conductive copper or silver containing braid. Anotherisotropically conductive tape 38 is applied over the first conductivetape 34 and braid 36. The first and second isotropically conductiveadhesives (e.g., tapes) can be the same or different. A metallic foil 32is adhered to the second conductive tape 38. This system providesadditional advantages over those shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. For example,the braid 36 acts as a redundant carrier for electrical current to theconductive coating 16.

A transparency having a further bus bar system of the invention is shownin FIG. 5. This transparency comprises a non-conductive substrate 12having a major surface. A conductive coating 16 is located over at leasta portion of the major surface. An electrically conductive adhesive 18,e.g., an isotropically conductive adhesive, such as an isotropicallyconductive tape or film, is located over at least a portion of theconductive coating 16. A conductive metallic member, such as a metallicfoil 32 or metallic braid 36, is attached to the conductive adhesive 18.The conductive adhesive 18 and the metallic member form the bus bar forthe transparency.

As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, after formation of thebus bar system, the substrate 12 can be laminated to another substrateby a polymeric interlayer to form a laminated transparency.

It will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art thatmodifications may be made to the invention without departing from theconcepts disclosed in the foregoing description. Accordingly, theparticular embodiments described in detail herein are illustrative onlyand are not limiting to the scope of the invention, which is to be giventhe full breadth of the appended claims and any and all equivalentsthereof.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A transparency having a bus bar system,comprising: a non-conductive substrate having a major surface; anelectrically conductive coating located over at least a portion of themajor surface of the substrate; an isotropically conductive adhesivelocated over at least a portion of the electrically conductive coating;and a metallic member located over at least a portion of theisotropically conductive adhesive.
 2. The transparency of claim 1,wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of glass andpolymeric material.
 3. The transparency of claim 1, wherein thesubstrate comprises an acrylic material.
 4. The transparency of claim 1,wherein the conductive coating is selected from the group consisting ofone or more metal oxides, one or more doped metal oxides, indium tinoxide, and a coating having a plurality of dielectric layers and atleast one metallic layer.
 5. The transparency of claim 1, wherein theisotropically conductive adhesive is selected from the group consistingof an isotropically conductive tape and an isotropically conductivefilm.
 6. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the metallic member isselected from the group consisting of a metallic foil and a metallicbraid.
 7. The transparency of claim 6, wherein the metallic foil isselected from the group consisting of tin plated copper, copper,aluminum, silver, stainless steel, and nickel.
 8. A transparency havinga bus bar system, comprising: a non-conductive substrate having a majorsurface, the substrate selected from the group consisting of glass andpolymeric material; an electrically conductive coating located over atleast a portion of the major surface, the electrically conductivecoating comprising a conductive metal oxide; a conductive bus bar systemlocated over at least a portion of the electrically conductive coating,wherein the bus bar system comprises: an isotropically conductiveadhesive located on the electrically conductive coating; and a metallicfoil located on the isotropically conductive adhesive.
 9. Thetransparency of claim 8, wherein the substrate comprises an acrylicmaterial.
 10. The transparency of claim 8, wherein the electricallyconductive coating comprises a doped metal oxide.
 11. The transparencyof claim 8, wherein the isotropically conductive adhesive comprises anisotropically conductive tape.
 12. The transparency of claim 8, whereinthe metallic foil is selected from the group consisting of tin platedcopper, copper, aluminum, silver, stainless steel, and nickel.
 13. Thetransparency of claim 8, wherein the isotropically conductive adhesivecomprises an isotropically conductive tape in direct contact with theelectrically conductive coating, and wherein the metallic foil is indirect contact with the isotropically conductive tape.
 14. Thetransparency of claim 8, wherein the substrate comprises an acrylicmaterial, wherein the electrically conductive coating comprises a dopedmetal oxide, wherein the isotropically conductive adhesive comprises anisotropically conductive tape, wherein the isotropically conductive tapeis in direct contact with the electrically conductive coating, andwherein the metallic foil is in direct contact with the isotropicallyconductive tape.
 15. A transparency having a bus bar system, comprising:a non-conductive substrate having a major surface, the substrateselected from the group consisting of glass and polymeric material; anelectrically conductive coating located over at least a portion of themajor surface, the electrically conductive coating comprising aconductive metal oxide; a conductive bus bar system located over atleast a portion of the electrically conductive coating, wherein the busbar system comprises; an isotropically conductive tape in direct contactwith the electrically conductive coating; and a metallic member indirect contact with the isotropically conductive tape, the metallicmember selected from the group consisting of a metallic foil and ametallic braid.
 16. The transparency of claim 15, wherein the substratecomprises an acrylic material.
 17. The transparency of claim 15, whereinthe electrically conductive coating comprises a doped metal oxide. 18.The transparency of claim 15, wherein the metallic foil is selected fromthe group consisting of tin plated copper, copper, aluminum, silver,stainless steel, and nickel.
 19. The transparency of claim 15, whereinthe substrate comprises an acrylic material, wherein the electricallyconductive coating comprises a doped metal oxide, and wherein themetallic member comprises a metallic foil in direct contact with theisotropically conductive tape.
 20. The transparency of claim 15, whereinthe substrate comprises an acrylic material, wherein the electricallyconductive coating comprises a doped metal oxide, and wherein themetallic member comprises a metallic braid in direct contact with theisotropically conductive tape.